US Universities Lag Behind Europe in Kurdish Studies – But This May Change

14 05 2013

by Mutlu Civrioglu, Rudaw.net, 12/5/2013

NEW YORK – US universities lag behind their European counterparts in offering Kurdish studies but this is likely change due to growing interest, according to speakers attending a panel discussion at New York’s Columbia University.

Currently only three US universities offer courses in Kurdish, noted Owen Miller, a member of the university’s Organization for the Advancement of Inner Eurasian Studies (OASIES), which organized the conference.

“The outlook for Kurdish Studies at universities in Europe is relatively brighter,” he told Rudaw.

“Members of OASIES hope to develop strategies for establishing other centers of Kurdish Studies in North America,” he said, by studying how Kurdish studies programs were developed at Germany’s Georg-August-University Göttingen and the Centre for Kurdish Studies at the University of Exeter in Britain.

He said that the underlying goal of the conference, which featured panel discussions by eminent academics and other experts on Kurdish issues, was to address the dearth of Kurdish studies at North American universities “through dialogue and intellectual exchanges.”

Janet Klein, a professor of history at the University of Akron in the United States and author of The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone, said that Kurdish studies moved very slowly in America because scholars and researchers have a hard time finding funding.

But expressing optimism, she said there is growing interest in Kurdish studies, and she expected greater involvement in the field by some universities.

Richard Bulliet, professor of history at Columbia, agreed that there is likely to be greater interest in Kurdish studies in the United States.  He said Columbia University is interested in becoming more active on Kurdish issues, and one way is its commitment to support other related events in the future.

Bulliet was also one of the moderators on panel discussions that focused on Turkey’s historic peace process with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), and the new chapter unfolding in the three-decade conflict in which an estimated 40,000 people have died.

Zeynep Turkyilmaz, a Middle East historian at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, underscored the importance of research on Kurdish affairs and history, giving the 1937-38 Turkish military crackdown in Dersim as an example.

She said thanks to documents that came to light in recent years there is growing agreement that the crackdown, in which more than 13,000 Kurds were killed by soldiers, was an example of genocide.

In November 2011, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose government is engaged in a peace process that saw PKK fighters begin a phased withdrawal from Turkish territories this week, became the first Turkish leader to apologize for the Dersim killings.

“Dersim is the most tragic event in our recent history,” Erdogan said.





International Conference: The PKK, Kurdish Nationalism and the Future of Turkey

14 05 2013

CALL FOR PAPERS:

International Conference:

The PKK, Kurdish Nationalism and the Future of Turkey

Thursday, November 7, 2013

Virginia Tech National Capital Region 1021 Prince Street Alexandria, VA 22314

http://turkeyandkurds.blogspot.com/

Organized and Sponsored by

School of Public & International Affairs, Virginia Tech, National Capital Region.

Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies Chair (Indiana University)

We plan to organize an international conference on the PKK, Kurdish Nationalism and the Future of Turkey. This will be a one day conference with four specific panels. The conference will be held at the Virginia Tech Alexandria Campus, in the heart of Old Town, Alexandria, and the Washington DC metro region.

The objective of this conference is to understand the complex relationship between Kurds and Modern Turkey. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire left unprecedented political conditions in the region, with the formation of nation-states without any social and economic foundations. In this context, the new form of nationalism attempted to create a territory-based form of national identity; however, demographic challenges such as urban and rural demographic contradictions), a lack of higher education, lack of an established rule of law and of capital accumulation has led to instability and the formation of a non-organic type of modernization and national identity in the region and Turkey. In the meantime, transnational economic development has weakened the role of the nation-state over the last 30 years and ethnic nationalisms have emerged across the Middle East. This set the stage for the resurgence of Kurdish Nationalism in Turkey, Iraq, Syria and Iran. The Marxist-based Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) first waged war against the Turkish Nation State in 1984. However, as a result of the social, political and economic transformations in the world and US involvement in the region, the PKK changed its ideological foundation from Marxism to nationalism in 1995, as part of the 5th PKK Congress. At this time, the Marxist star was removed from its flag and ethnic nationalist symbols and slogans were used to replace it. At the same time, more than sixty percent of the Kurdish population migrated to non-Kurdish industrialized cities in Turkey. Today, the Kurdish population in modern Turkey is more educated, urbanized, and they invest in the Western as much as the Eastern part of the country. Therefore, aspirations and objectives of Kurdish Nationalism is currently in a stage of transformation, and its objectives have begun to shift from that of obtaining an independent Kurdish State to seeking the status as equal citizens of modern Turkey. The latter objective – the integration of the Kurdish population into the larger population of Turkey – is likely to create numerous opportunities for the modernization of Turkey and the wider region. In this conference, we will explore this transformation, and possible future trajectories between Turkey and its relations with the Kurds.

You will find detailed information about the conference below:

PANEL-1: Kurdish Nationalism in Iran, Iraq and Syria

We welcome submissions related to, but not limited to the following subjects:

•    Kurdish nationalism in Iran

•    Kurdish nationalism in Iraq

•    Kurdish nationalism in Syria

•    Kurdish nationalism in the Diaspora

PANEL-2: Kurdish Nationalism in Contemporary Turkey

We welcome submissions related to, but not limited to the following subjects:

•    Kurdish Nationalism in historical context

•    Kurdish and Turkish nationalisms

•    Imperialism and Kurdish nationalism

•    American foreign policy towards Turkey and the Kurds

PANEL-3: PKK and Kurdish Nationalism

We welcome submissions related to, but not limited to the following subjects:

•    Origin and development of the PKK

•    The PKK and the ‘war on terrorism.’

•    Relationship between the PKK, the US and Europe

PANEL-4: The Kurds and the Future of Turkey

We welcome submissions related to, but not limited to the following subjects:

•    The future relationship between Kurds and Turkey

•    JDP and Kurdish Nationalism

•    Kurdish regional government and Turkey

•    Future trajectories of American foreign policy towards Turkey and the Kurds

•    Future trajectories of Turkish and Kurdish politics

Please submit your interest, with a short abstract (300-400 Words) and short bio (100-200 words). The deadline for abstract submissions is Monday, August 19th 2013. The authors of accepted papers will be notified by September 1st 2013.

Please submit your paper to the following address: tugrulk@vt.edu

If you have any questions, please do not hesitate contact us.

Dr. Kemal Silay, Professor of Turkish Language and Literature; Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies Endowed Chair Professor; Director, Turkish Language Flagship Center; Director, Turkish Studies Program; Indiana University

Dr. Tugrul Keskin, Assistant Professor of International and Middle East Studies; Affiliated Faculty of Black Studies Sociology, and Turkish Studies; Portland State University





Conference on “Kurdish Studies and Politics” at Columbia University

4 05 2013

Conference on “Kurdish Studies and Politics”

May 6th, 2013, Columbia University.

For footage from the conference see (part I) and (part II).

 

The graduate student-led Organization for the Advancement of Inner Eurasian Studies (OASIES) at Columbia University will convene a series of panel discussions on Kurdish studies with eminent scholars and policy makers. Professors Robert Olson, Janet Klein, Zeynep Türkyılmaz, Mehmet Gürses and Abbas Vali will provide insights from an academic perspective. From the world of policy, Hasip Kaplan, the Peace and Democracy Party MP in the Turkish parliament, will complement the academic discussion with his vast experience in Kurdish affairs.

The panel discussions will be structured as follows: The first two will consist of academic conversations moderated by Columbia professors Richard Bulliet (history) and Katherine Ewing (religion/anthropology). The third panel, moderated by a Columbia PhD candidate specializing in Kurdish nationalism, Kamal Soleimani, will consist of a dialogue with Hasip Kaplan of Peace and Democracy Party from Turkey on contemporary affairs — from human rights issues linked to Syria to the recent cease fire between the Turkish government and the PKK.

The Kurdish Conference is part of a larger series of academic panels on ‘Forgotten Communities of Inner Eurasia’ that have taken Place over the past five years which we hope to install as regular series in the coming years which will focus on communities that have been systematically underrepresented or marginalized in academic institutions. OASIES inaugurated this series with a faculty panel entitled, “Power, Knowledge and the Kurds.” Moderated by Columbia Professor Gil Anidjar (Columbia University) that panel brought together Ahmed Ferhadi (New York University), Janet Klein (The University of Akron), and Robert Olson (The University of Kentucky). We are planning to continue these series with discussions on other underrepresented communities such as the Uyghurs, Hazara, and the Kalmyks.

If you would like to attend please RSVP. It is required to attend the conference. :
kurdishconference2013@gmail.com
Conference Schedule

Breakfast: 9:00 – 9:30

Opening Remarks : 9:30 – 10:00

Panel I : 10:00 – 11:30, Prof. Richard Bulliet (moderator)
Prof. Vali Abbas
Prof. Robert Olson

Lunch : 11:30 – 12:30

Panel II : 12.30 – 14:00, Prof. Ewing (moderator)
Asst. Prof. Janet Klein
Asst. ProfMehmet Gürses
Asst. Prof.Zeynep Türkyilmaz

Remarks : 14:00 – 14:20
David Phillips, Columbia University

Panel III : 14:20 – 15:50 Kamal Soleimani (moderator)
Hasip Kaplan, MP,Peace and Democracy Party, Turkey

Coffee Break : 15:50 – 16:00

Round-table (questions and answers from audience, conversation between panelists): 16:00 – 16:45

Concluding Statements : 16:45 – 17:00
Adress:School of International and Public Affairs
420 West 118th Street
New York, NY 10027

SIPA Building, 15th floor.





6th issue of Kürt Tarihi (Kurdish History) out

14 04 2013

The 6th issue of the popular journal Kürt Tarihi (Kurdish History) is out. This issue specifically looks at the Kurdish policy of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) during the single party rule in Turkey. The journal publishes new material emerging from Greek archives on discussions around Kurdish autonomy during 1921-1922 in Turkey’s assembly.

Table of contents 

- Two Months in Kurdish History/Kürt Tarihinde İki AyRahman DAĞ

- The End of the Prince of Rewandûz in Sweden’s Oldest Newspaper/İsveç’ın En Eski Gazetesinde Rewandûz Mîri’nin Sonu – Rohat ALAKOM

- The Eyyubis System of Communication during the Reign of Sultan Salahaddin/Sultan Selahaddîn Zamanında Eyyûbîlerin Haberleşme Sistemi  – Kadri YILDIRIM

- İsmail Beşikçi: “In Every Aspects Dersim is a Genocide/İsmail Beşikçi: “Dersim Her Bakımdan Bir Soykırımdır!”Interview/Söyleşi - Mesut  YEĞEN

Focus: The Republican People’s Party and the Kurds 

- Kurdish Autonomy in Greek Documents/Yunan Belgelerınde Kürtlere Özerklik - Murat ISSI

- Republican People’s Party and the Kurds [1923-1950]/CHP ve Kürtler [1923-1950]Ercan ÇAĞLAYAN

- Şükrü Kaya and the Secret “Turkification” Memorandum (1930)/Şükrü Kaya ve Gizli “Türkleştirme” Genelgesi (1930)Mehmet BAYRAK

- Are you among Those Kurds we could not Civilise? Kemalizm, Orientalism and the Kurds/Uygarlaştıramadığımız Kürtlerden misiniz? Kemalizm, Oryantalizm ve Kürtler - Welat ZEYDANLIOĞLU

- The Koçkırî Operation and the Issue of the Investigation Commission/Koçkırî Operasyonu ve Tahkikat Komisyonu Meselesi / Mahmut AKYÜREKLİ

- The Dust of the Archive/Arşiv Tozu – Nilay ÖZOK-DOĞAN

- The Role of Modern Medicine and Kurdish Physicians in the Kurdish Enlightenment/Kürt Aydınlanmasında Çağdaş Tıbbın ve Kürt Hekimlerinin Rolü . Dr.Tarık Ziya EKİNCİ





Cfp: Kurdish Studies: Alternative Approaches

14 04 2013

The Kurdish Studies Platform Meeting Final DeclarationKurdish Studies Platform, which  have organized two meetings in Diyarbakır since June 2011 and whose aim is to promote independent studies in social sciences,  invites academicians, researchers and PhD students to the third meeting in Diyarbakır,  June 15-16, 2013. Like in the previous meetings, the main purpose is to contribute to the construction of the intellectual ground by which Kurdish studies that are excluded from or partly “involved” in academic and public information space in Turkey would exist. Moreover it is aimed to negotiate on institutionalization of a new perspective on social science. Since the long lead research on varied branches of social sciences on people, geography and culture of Kurdistan and Mesopotamia has crucial importance during “peace period”, methodical, discursive and ethical problems and the problem of construction of such a critical language gains primacy. The ultimate aim of the third meeting in June is to contribute to a creative and productive intellectual climate by assembling the people who are exactly addressed to these problems.

In this manner, the candidates who will participate the third meeting under the name of “Alternative Approaches in Kurdish Studies” need to send their abstracts no more than 400 words whether based on theoretical debates or field data at the conference mail address: kurdcalismalari@gmail.com by April 30, 2013. While the presentations can be about one of the following title or can involve more than one title, they are not limited by these:

  • Comparative Politics: Identity, Power and Struggle
  • “Kurdish Question” in International Frame: Kurds and Middle East
  • Politics, Economy and Class
  • History and Geography of Kurdistan
  • Kurdish Literature and Literature in Kurdish/Diaspora Literature
  • Religion and Belief in Kurdistan
  • Being “Minority” in Turkey
  • Women and Gender
  • “Justice” and Law
  • Urbanization and Migration Issue in Metropolis
  • 1990s, State, Kurdish Movement
  • Kurdish Question in the Context of Media and Cultural Studies

The official languages of the meeting are Kurdish and Turkish. The abstracts are needed to be sent in corresponded presentation language.

Kurdish Studies Platform

Conference Organization Crew

BANGAVAZİYA BO “Dİ LÊKOLÎNÊN KURDÎ DE XEBATÊN ALTERNATÎF”

Pûşbera 2011 û 2012’ê li Amedê ji aliyê Platforma Xebatên Kurdî ve du civînên berfireh û girîng hatin lidarxistin. Platforma ku xebatên xwe li ser zanistên civakî bi awayekî serbixwe dimeşîne; lêkoler, akademîsyen, xwendekarên doktora û lîsansa bilind, li Amedê dawetî civîna xwe ya sêyem ya 15-16 Pûşbera 2013’ê dike. Wekî di herdu civînên platformê yên berê de jî hate diyar kirin, Kurd li Tirkiyeyê heta niha nebûne mijara xebatên ilmî û derveyî berhemhînaniyên akademîk û raya giştî mane. Her ji ber vê Platforma Xebatên Kurdî hewl dide ku bingeha xebatên Kurdî bi gengeşe û angaştên alternatîf û cuda qewî bike û feraseteke nû ya li ser zanistên civakî bigehîne dereceya sazûmaniyê. Bi qonaxa ku wekî bi navê “Prosesa Aşitiyê” dihê qebûl kirin ve, firsenda xebatên li ser kultur, cografya û gelên Kurdistan û Mezopotamyayê rûdaye û lêkolînên kûr û dûr û curbicur, bi rêbazên akademîk derketiye holê. Bi vê mebestê, li dor behsa girîngiya xebatên Kurdî, arîşeyên metodolojîk, etîk û gotinî girîngtir bûye û di warê berhemhînaniyê de pêdiviya dirustkirina zimanekî rexneyî/sinarînî rûdaye. Mebesta civîna platformê ya sêyem û Pûşbera 2013’ê ew e ku, di ronahiya akademîk de muxatabên van arîşeyan kom bike û bi gengeşeyên cuda  xebatên li ser Kurdan bigehîne merheleyeke entelektuelî.

Platforma Xebatên Kurdî li ser esaseke rêbaza înterdîsîplînerî ava dibe û civîna xwe ya sêyem bi sernavê “ Di Lêkolînên Kurdî de Xebatên Alternatîf” jî bangewaziyê bo lêkoleran dike. Ew kesên ku xebatên xwe bi parametreyên teorîk û melûmatên sehayî dirust dikin, divê kurteya gotarên xwe yên herî zêde ji 400 bêjeyan pêk tê, heta 30 Nîsan 2013’ê bişînin navnîşana kurdcalismalari@gmail.com. Pêşniyazên gotaran, ji babetên ku li jêr hatine rêz kirin pêk tê û bitenê bi wan nehatiye sînor kirin.

  • Siyaseta Berawirdkirî: Pênase, Desthilatî û Têkoşîn
  • Di Çarçoveya Navdewletî de “Arîşeya Kurd”: Kurd û Rojhilata Navîn
  • Siyaset, Ekonomî û Çîn/Sinif
  • Dîrok û Cografyaya Kurdistanê
  • Wêjeya Kurd û Wêjeya Kurdî/ Wêjeya Dîasporayê
  • Li Kurdistanê Dîn û Bawerî
  • Kêmarên/Ekaliyetên Li Kurdistanê
  •  Jin û Cînsiyeta Nav Civakê
  • Dadwerî û Hiqûq
  • Bajarîbûn û Li Metropolan Arîşeya Koçberiyê
  • Salên 1990’î, Dewlet û Tevgera Kurd
  • Li Dor Behsa Medyayê û Xebatên Kulturî, Arîşeya Kurd

Zimanê pêşkêşiyên sempozyûmê dê bi Kurdî û Tirkî be. Ew kesên ku dê  gotaran pêşkêş bikin, divê kurteya gotarên xwe bi kîjan zimanî dikin, wesa bişînin.

Platforma Xebatên Kurdî

Amadekarên Konferansê

KÜRT ÇALIŞMALARINDA ALTERNATİF YAKLAŞIMLAR ÇAĞRI METNİ

2011’in Haziran ayından günümüze Diyarbakır’da kapsamlı iki toplantı gerçekleştiren, sosyal bilimler alanında bağımsız çalışmalar yürüten Kürt Çalışmaları Platformu; akademisyenleri, araştırmacıları, yüksek lisans ve doktora öğrencilerini 15-16 Haziran 2013 tarihlerinde üçüncü kez Diyarbakır’da buluşmaya davet ediyor. Daha önceki buluşmalarda da olduğu gibi temel amaç, Türkiye’de akademik ve kamusal bilgi alanının dışında bırakılan ya da kısmen “içerilen” Kürt Çalışmalarının var olabileceği entelektüel zeminin inşasına katkı sunmak ve alternatif yaklaşımların tartışılmasına olanak sağlamak; yeni bir sosyal bilim anlayışının kurumsallaşmasının yolları üzerine fikir alışverişinde bulunmaktır. Kürdistan ve Mezopotamya halkları, coğrafyası ve kültürü üzerine sosyal bilimlerin çeşitli dallarında yapılacak uzun erimli araştırmaların; daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar aktif biçimde karşımıza çıkan “barış süreci” bağlamında taşıdığı öneme binaen yöntemsel, söylemsel ve etik sorunlar ve bilgi üretiminde eleştirel bir dilin kurulması sorunu öncelik kazanmaktadır. Haziran ayında düzenlenecek üçüncü toplantının nihai hedefi tam anlamıyla bu sorunların muhatabı olan çalışmaların sahiplerinin seslerini bir araya getirerek yaratıcı ve verimli bir entelektüel iklime katkı sunmaktır.

Bu doğrultuda disiplinlerarası bir araştırma alanı olan “Kürt Çalışmalarında Alternatif Yaklaşımlar” başlığı altında yapılacak üçüncü toplantıda bildiri sunmak isteyen katılımcıların kuramsal tartışmalara veya saha verilerine dayanan çalışmalarını özetleyen maksimum 400 kelimelik bildiri özetlerini 30 Nisan 2013 tarihine kadar kurdcalismalari@gmail.com adresine yollamaları gerekmektedir. Sunum önerileri aşağıdaki başlıklardan birini veya birden çoğunu kapsayabileceği gibi bu başlıklarla sınırlı da değildir:

  • Karşılaştırmalı Siyaset: Kimlik, İktidar ve Mücadele
  • Uluslararası Çerçevede “Kürt Meselesi”: Kürtler ve Ortadoğu
  • Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Sınıf
  • Kürdistan Tarihi ve Coğrafyası
  • Kürt Edebiyatı ve Kürtçe Edebiyat/Diaspora Yazını
  • Kürdistan’da Din ve İnançlar
  • Türkiye’de “Azınlık” Olmak
  • Kadın ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet
  • “Adalet” ve Hukuk
  • Kentleşme, Metropollerde Göç Sorunu
  • 1990’lar, Devlet, Kürt Hareketi
  • Medya ve Kültürel Çalışmalar Bağlamında Kürt meselesi

Sempozyumun sunuş dilleri Kürtçe ve Türkçe olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmacıların bildiri özetlerini sunuş yapacaklara dile bağlı olarak Kürtçe veya Türkçe göndermesi gerekmektedir.

Kürt Çalışmaları Platformu

Konferans Hazırlık Ekibi





The Kurds: A Nation of Genocides

10 04 2013

The Kurds A Nation of GenocidesThe Kurds: A Nation of Genocides

By Kristiina Koivunen, Apec, 2013.

The history of the Kurds is a history of deportation, massacres and genocides. There are several books about them; the most famous cases are the Dêrsim massacre, Halabja chemical bombing and Anfal Campaign. But usually they are presented as independent cases without analyzing their connection to the whole process of the Kurdish genocides.

Kristiina Koivunen’s book “The Kurds, A Nation of Genocides” is the first book which adopts a wider perspective on the Kurdish genocide process, seeing the starting point as 1839 when the autonomous Kurdish emirates were crushed by the Tanzimat program in the Ottoman state. Until that year, the Kurds lived in autonomy in the Ottoman state with their own legal and administration systems.

How has the genocide process affected the Kurdish society? In the 1830s, the Kurds were at a proto-national level, moving towards national unity. The genocides and partition of Kurdistan in the 1920s stopped this process. As a consequence, there was a movement back towards tribal and local rule, which aided Turkish and Iraqi governance of Kurdistan.

As the autonomy of sixteen Kurdish emirates had been destroyed in the Tanzimat period, the Kurdish leaders were unable to establish an independent country when the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Kurdish question became a frozen conflict, which now melts.

The genocide process still continues in Kurdistan. The process of cultural and linguistic genocide destroys the Kurdish language and identity in North Kurdistan (the Turkish part of Kurdistan). In South Kurdistan (the Iraqi part of Kurdistan), there is the danger that the genocide process will reach a peak in mass killings in the Disputed Territories, especially in Kirkuk and Mosul.

The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was a historical opportunity to establish an independent country, but the Kurdish leaders could not use it. Since then, local uprisings have taken place somewhere in Kurdistan all the time.

At the moment, a wave of changes blows in the Middle-East. The political situation is tense in all the countries which rule Kurdistan; Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. The Kurds demand their rights in each of them – the situation is different than earlier in the sense that now there are uprisings in all parts of Kurdistan; but similar in the sense that they all still local. Cooperation with other Kurdish parties and movements is difficult for the Kurds, despite agreement about the need. This problem is one consequence of the genocide process; it stopped the national identity formation among the Kurds.

While books about the Kurdish genocide usually document the atrocities and count bodies, Koivunen’s book has a wider perspective. It searches for answers to the question how the genocide process has affected the Kurdish society and identity.





Volume in honour of Joyce Blau‏: L’eternelle chez les Kurdes

2 04 2013

Joyce BlauJoyce Blau: l’eternelle chez les Kurdes

Edited by Hamit Bozarslan and Clemence Scalbert-Yucel. Paris: Karthala, 2013.

The Kurdish Institute in Paris published a volume of essays in honour of Joyce Blau, who turned 80 last year. The volume was edited by Hamit Bozarslan and Clémence Scalbert-Yücel, and is titled Joyce Blau‏: L’eternelle chez les Kurdes.

The book has contributions (some in French, others in English) by Hamit Bozarslan, Sonia Dayan-Herzbrun, Jordi Tejel Gorgas, the late Mirella Galletti, Keith Hitchins, Christine Allison, Amir Hassanpour, Philip Kreyenbroek & Behrooz Chamanara, Michael L. Chyet, Salih Akin, Ibrahim Seydo Aydogan, Rûsen Werdî, Hashem Ahmadzadeh, Clémence Scalbert-Yücel, Martin van Bruinessen and Jean-François Pérouse.

Martin van Bruinessen’s contribution titled “Kurds and the City” can be accessed here.

Christine Allison’s constribution titled “From Benedict Anderson to Mustafa Kemal: Reading, Writing and Imagining the Kurdish Nation” can be accessed here.








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